Antimicrobial therapy selective toxicity survey of antimicrobial drug microbial drug resistance drug and host interaction antimicrobial therapy ideal drug terminology antibiotics an ideal antimicrobic. Examples antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoal, and antiviral drugs. Pdf an ideal antibiotic is an antibacterial agent that kills or inhibits the growth of all harmful bacteria in a. As already pointed out, many antimicrobial drugs have been based on chemicals produced naturally by living things. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Selective toxicity drugs that specifically target microbial processes, and not the human hosts. The effects of individual characteristics and country on antimicrobial drug selfmedication were studied with logistic regression analyses by using 3 outcome variables. Either a bactericidal or a bacteriostatic drug is added to the growing bacterial culture at the time indicated by the arrow. Sanford guidelines for antimicrobial therapy pdf localized antimicrobial stewardship apps via stewardship assist and with over 50 years of experience in antimicrobial therapy, sanford guide is the perfect. Antimicrobial drugs an overview sciencedirect topics.
Learn microbiology antimicrobial drugs with free interactive flashcards. Medch 401 immunizing and antimicrobial agents spring 2006 r. Antifungal agents fungal infections fungal infections are caused by microscopic organisms that can invade the epithelial tissue. Decreased renal function often results in slower excretion of drugs or their metabolites. We retrospectively studied the characteristics and outcome of patients with any type of s. Stanford health care antimicrobial dosing reference guide replacement therapy. Search result for general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs. General principles of antimicrobial therapy surbhi leekha, mbbs.
Currently antimicrobial resistance among bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other diseasecausing organisms is a serious threat to infectious disease management globally. Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on nonliving objects or outside the body. When antibiotics are used correctly, they are usually safe with few side effects. Important considerations when prescribing antimicrobial therapy include obtaining an accurate diagnosis of infection. Selfmedication with antimicrobial drugs in europe volume. Commonly used antimicrobial drugs boundless microbiology. Broadspectrum antibiotics usually refers to drugs effective against more that one general category of pathogens e. Overview on mechanisms of antibacterial resistance alemayehu toma, serawit deyno pharmacology unit, school of medicine, hawassa university, hawassa, ethiopia abstract. Accordingly, chemotherapy aimed at the causative organisms was developed as the main therapeutic strategy. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general hospital. Important considerations when prescribing antimicrobial therapy include obtaining. Limited drugs available difficult to maintain selective toxicity effective drugs target viral replication cycle entry nucleic acid synthesis assemblyrelease interferon artificial antiviral drug antimicrobial resistance resistance factors r plasmids 5 main mechanisms of resistance new approaches. Chemotherapy is the use of any chemical agent in the treatment of disease. Edson, md on completion of this article, you should be able to.
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used for treating viral infections. Times new roman wingdings monotype sorts professional. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily. Formerly this was thought to be related to the beta lactam ring, but recent evidence has established that crossallergenicity is related more to similarities in the r side chains 2,3 see figure 1. Knowledge on antimicrobial drug resistance and genetic characteristics of neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates circulating in india, pakistan, and bhutan is sorely lacking. As ehrlich so clearly saw, a successful chemotherapeutic agent has selective toxicity.
Pdf microbiological characteristics and antimicrobial paper. General characteristics of chemotherapeutic agents. It is generally accepted that patients having a history of igemediated reaction to a. Drugs used for peptic ulcer and acid reflux disorders drugs used in dermatologic conditions drugs used in hypotension and shock drugs used in oncologic disorders drugs used in ophthalmic conditions estrogens, progestins, and hormonal contraceptives general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are used to prevent or treat infections caused by pathogenic diseaseproducing microorganisms. Jelliffe, in individualized drug therapy for patients, 2017. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. Mechanism of acquisition of resistance to antimicrobial agents.
To alter the life cycle, all antimicrobials must bind to a cellular target. However, actual consumption of drugs may also include selfmedication, i. Prevalence of resistance is positively correlated with prescribed outpatient drug use on a national level 4,5. Antimicrobial drugs interfere with the life cycle of an organism in various ways. Iodine, such as in the form of dobells iodine solution, is an effective antimicrobial agent. Polymyxin b binds to plasma membrane and disrupts its structure and properties of permeability. A drug that disrupts a microbial structure or function not found in host cells often. Introduction to antimicrobial drugs first mass produced in the 1940s, penicillin was instrumental in saving millions of lives during world war ii and was considered a wonder drug. The use of drugs to treat a disease antimicrobial drugs. Therapeutic index, antibiotic, activity spectrum, bacteriostatic. Test your understanding of antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs with this worksheet and quiz. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. After a brief lag time during which the drug enters the bacteria, the bactericidal drug kills the bacteria, and a decrease in the number of viable bacteria occurs. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a rapidly increasing global problem 1,2, and prevalence varying widely among countries.
Antimicrobial agents are some of the most widely, and often injudiciously, used therapeutic drugs worldwide. While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in. Bacteriostatic drug may work if host defenses are adequate 3. Generic names phenicols chloramphenicol pseudomonic acid mupirocin quinolones quinolone cinoxacin garenoxacin nalidixic acid. List five general mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance and provide an example for each.
Pdf stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general. This chapter deals with general aspects on interactions between antimicrobial drugs and the kidneys. When antimicrobial drugs are bound to the ribosomes, bacteria cannot synthesize the proteins necessary for cell walls and other structures. An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antiviral drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes antibiotic also termed antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic drugs, or antiviral drugs based on monoclonal antibodies. General principles of antimicrobial therapy sciencedirect. Prognostic factors for allcause inhospital mortality were assessed with multivariate logistic regression. In this article we will discuss about the characteristics and factors influencing antimicrobial agent. The word antimicrobial was derived from the greek words anti against, mikros little and bios life and refers to all agents that act against microbial organisms. Choose from 500 different sets of microbiology antimicrobial drugs flashcards on quizlet.
Free online general characteristics of antimicrobial. Key words antimicrobial agents, resistant bacteria, history. Antimicrobials that do not require dosing adjustment during crrt. Antimicrobial is a general term that refers to a group of drugs that includes antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antivirals. The degree of selective toxicity may be expressed in terms of 1 the therapeutic dosethe drug level required for clinical treatment of a particular infection, and 2 the toxic dosethe drug level at which the agent. Antimicrobial agent classes and subclasses page 4 of 5. Describe how the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance affects diagnostic microbiology, including effects on sensitivity testing, therapeutics, and organism identification. These drugs bind irreversibly to bacterial ribosomes, intracellular structures that synthesize proteins. Pdf people have known the bacteria and have used various ways to deal. However, the choice of an effective antimicrobial drug may be limited in infections of the brain, eyes, gallbladder, or prostate gland because many drugs are unable to reach therapeutic concentrations in these tissues. By strict definition, the word antibiotic refers to substances produced by microorganisms. In this paper, we describe the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics of n. The larger the therapeutic index, the better the chemotherapeutic agent in general.
Binding of the drug to its target results in alteration of the normal function of the bacterium or fungus, leading to either inhibition of growth. In general, patients with septic shock may require higher doses of antimicrobials within in the first 2448 hours due to their high volumes of distribution and potential for changes in nonrenal clearance of medication. Describe the mechanism of action of penicillin and the mechanism of resistance to penicillin. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen. Since drugresistant bacteria have been selected by the use of antimicrobial drugs, the proper use of currently available antimicrobial drugs, as well as. Disruption of microbial cell membranes eg, antifungals 4. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general. May 18, 2012 stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections in a general hospital. What are the desirable general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics. Antimicrobial drugs are chemical substances of natural or synthetic origin that suppress the growth. However, as with most drugs, antibiotics can lead to side effects that may range from being a. Pdf an ideal antibiotic is an antibacterial agent that kills or inhibits the growth of all harmful bacteria in a host. Antimicrobial drugs are drug used to treat a microbial infection.
Patient characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and treatment outcome. In general, patients with a history of liver or kidney dysfunction. Free online general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs. This is not synonymous with antibiotics, a similar term derived from the greek word anti against and biotikos concerning life. However, because of differences among bacteria in their pbp content, natural structural characteristics e. However, as with most drugs, antibiotics can lead to side effects that may range from being a nuisance to serious or life.
Antibiotics are essential lifesaving drugs that revolutionized. Different medicines work in our bodies in different ways. Some of the features of antimicrobial drugs are given below. Selective toxicity agent must kill or inhibit microbe while damaging the host as little as possible 1. Explain the modes of action of some antiprotozoan and. Some people believe, erroneously, that as a source of new agents nature is now exhausted. The capacity of the substance to kill or inhibit microorganisms is the first requirement. Principles of antimicrobial action and resistance clinical gate.
Generic names phenicols chloramphenicol pseudomonic acid mupirocin quinolones quinolone cinoxacin. Antimicrobial drugs may interact with the kidneys in several ways. Most antivirals target specific viruses, while a broadspectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. The similar molecular structure for penicillins and cephalosporins raises concern regarding crossallergenicity. Spectrum of antimicrobial drugs the range of pathogens targeted by a specific antibiotic is referred to as its spectrum, which can be broad or narrow. While a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation in bacteria may. Pdf on may 5, 2015, h jaka and others published antimicrobial resistance. Following are the important general characteristics of the antimicrobial agents or therapeutic drugs. The fungal kingdom includes yeasts, molds, rusts and mushrooms. Antimicrobial drugs list of high impact articles ppts. Mar 30, 20 the fluoroquinolones are synthetic, broadspectrum antibacterial agents that inhibit dna gyrase, an essential enzyme that is involved in the replication, transcription, and repair of bacterial dna. The chemical should possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity at a low concentration. A drug that disrupts a microbial structure or function not found in host cells often has greater selective toxicity and a higher therapeutic index.
The production and use of the antibiotic penicillin in the early 1940s. The main genetic mechanisms leading to antimicrobial. In the extreme situation the patient lacks renal function and is treated with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or hemofiltration. History of antimicrobial agents and resistant bacteria. A therapeutic agent must have selective toxicity, i.
Karageorgopoulos, 2, 3 sofia maraki, 4 panagiotis levis, 2 dimitra dimopoulou, 1 nikolaos a. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes microbiocidal or prevent the growth of microbes microbiostatic. Explain the modes of action of some antiviral drugs. Antibacterial peptides are a unique and diverse group of molecules which have between 12 and 50 amino acids in general. The human body and the environment contain many microorganisms, most of which live in a state of balance with the human host and do not cause disease. Figure 101 bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of antimicrobial drugs. Patient characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and treatment outcome george samonis, 1 drosos e. Antibiotics are specific for the type of bacteria being treated and, in general, cannot be interchanged from one infection to another.
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